new 12/94

1995 PACS

Summary of Scheme

80. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
81. Materials science
81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth and purification (for physics of crystal growth, see 61.50.C)
81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts
81.10.Hs Zone melting and refining
81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and recrystallization)
81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings (for structure and epitaxy of thin films, see 68.55)
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition
81.15.Fg Laser ablation technique
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-assisted CVD)
81.15.Jj Ion plating and other vapor deposition
81.15.Lm Deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
81.15.Np Growth from solid phases
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
81.20.-n Other methods of materials fabrication
81.20.Ev Powder techniques; compaction and sintering
81.20.Gx Specific formulations of metals and alloys (compacts, pseudoalloys)
81.20.Jz Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites
81.20.Lb Ceramics and refractories
81.20.Nd Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.20.Pe Glasses
81.20.Qf Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
81.20.Sh Polymers and plastics
81.20.Ti Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations (see also 64.70 and 64.80-in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals and alloys
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for phase diagrams of superconductors, see 74.25.D)
81.30.Fb Solidification
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
81.30.Mh Precipitation (see also 64.75 Solubility, segregation, and mixing)
81.35.+k Granular materials: aggregation characteristics (e.g., grain size, particle size distribution, porosity)
81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties
81.40.Cd Solid solution, precipitation, and dispersion hardening
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, recovery, and recrystallization; textures
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity (see also 62.20.D and 62.40 - in mechanical properties of condensed matter)
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also 62.20.F and 62.20.H - in mechanical properties of condensed matter, and 83.50 - in rheology)
81.40.Np Fatigue, embrittlement, and fracture (see also 46.30.N - in structural mechanics, 62.20.M - in mechanical properties of condensed matter)
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear (see also 46.30.P - in structural mechanics)
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties (related to treatment conditions (see also 72.80, 73.61, and 75.50 - in physics of condensed matter)
81.40.Tv Optical properties (related to treatment conditions) (see also 78.20 and 78.66 in optical properties of condensed matter)
81.40.Vw High pressure effects (see also 62.50.P - in mechanical properties of condensed matter)
81.60.-j Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments
81.60.Bn Metals and alloys
81.60.Cp Semiconductors and insulators
81.60.Dq Ceramics and refractories
81.60.Fs Glasses
81.60.Hv Composites
81.60.Jw Polymers and plastics
81.70.-q Materials testing
81.70.Dw Nondestructive testing
81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science
82. Physical chemistry (for physical chemistry of solutions of biomolecules, see 87.10.D)
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics
82.20.Db Statistical theories (including transition state)
82.20.Fd Stochastic and trajectory models, other theories and models
82.20.Hf Mechanisms and product distribution
82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions (see also 34.20--in atomic and molecular physics)
82.20.Mj Nonequilibrium kinetics
82.20.Pm Measurements of rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
82.20.Rp Energy distribution and transfer; relaxation (see also 31.70.H Time- dependent phenomena - in atomic and molecular physics)
82.20.Tr Kinetic and isotope effects
82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions
82.30.Eh Molecule-molecule reactions
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions (see also 34.70 Charge transfer in atomic and molecular collisions)
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and group ejection)
82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation, hydrogen bonding
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis (for heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces, see 82.65.J)
82.35.+t Polymer reactions and polymerization
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in homogeneous nonequilibrium reactors
82.40.Ck Pattern formation in vortices-diffusion systems
82.40.Dm Atomic and molecular beam reactions
82.40.Fp Shock waves
82.40.Js Fast and ultrafast reactions
82.40.Mw Pulse techniques
82.40.Py Flames, combustion, and explosions
82.40.Ra Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges) (see also 81.15.G Chemical vapor deposition)
82.40.Tc Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics (78.60.P Chemiluminescence in optical properties of condensed matter)
82.40.We Atmospheric chemistry (see also 94.10.F Atmospheric composition, chemical reactions and processes)
82.45.+z Electrochemistry and electrophoresis (see also 66.10.E Ionic conduction in liquids; for electroosmosis, see 82.65.F; for electrochemical processes biological membranes, see 87.22.F)
82.50.-m Photochemistry and radiation chemistry (for photochemical reactions of biomolecules, see 87.15.R)
82.50.Fv Photolysis, photodissociation, and photoionization by infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation
82.50.Gw Radiolysis, dissociation, and ionization by x-ray, gamma-ray, and particle radiation
82.55.+e Radiochemistry (including hot atom reactions, positronium and muoniu chemistry) (see also 23 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy)
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics)
82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions
82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation (see also 64.60.Q Nucleation in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
82.65.-i Surface and interface chemistry (see also 68.35.M Surface energy; thermodynamic properties)
82.65.Dp Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces
82.65.Fr Film and membrane processes: ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electroosmosis
82.65.Jv Heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces (for homogeneous catalysis, see 82.30.V)
82.65.My Chemisorption (see also 68.45 Solid-fluid interfaces)
82.65.Pa Surface-enhanced molecular states and other gas-surface interactions (see also 34.50.D Interactions of atoms, molecules, and their ions with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions)
82.65.Yh Other surface and interface chemical processes
82.70.-y Disperse systems
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis (for related instrumentation, see 07; for biochemical analytic techniques, see 87.64)
82.80.Bg Chromatography
82.80.Ch Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, Raman, microwave, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis methods; spectrophotometry; colorimetry
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mossbauer, and other gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods
82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry)
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (photoelectron, Auger spectroscopy, etc.)
82.80.Sy Methods using colligative properties
82.80.Yc Other methods of chemical analysis
82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry
83. Rheology (see also 47 Fluid dynamics)
83.10.-y Fundamentals and general
83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow
83.10.Dd Dynamics of continuous media
83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics
83.10.Hh Flow of solids
83.10.Ji Fluid dynamics (nonlinear fluids)
83.10.Lk Multiphase flows
83.10.Nn Polymer dynamics
83.10.Pp Particle dynamics
83.20.-d Constitutive relations
83.20.Bg Macroscopic (phenomenological) theories
83.20.Di Microscopic (molecular) theories
83.20.Fk Reptation theories
83.20.Hn Structural and phase changes
83.20.Jp Computer simulation
83.20.Lr Boundary conditions
83.50.-v Deformation; material flow
83.50.Ax Steady shear flows
83.50.By Transient deformation and flow; time-dependent properties: start-up, stress relaxation, creep, recovery, etc.
83.50.Cz Injection molding
83.50.Da Compression molding
83.50.Eb Weissenberg effect
83.50.Fc Linear viscoelasticity
83.50.Gd Nonlinear viscoelasticity
83.50.Jf Extensional and combined flows
83.50.Lh Interfacial and free surface flows; slip
83.50.Nj Viscoplasticity; yield stress
83.50.Pk Effects of electric and magnetic fields
83.50.Qm Thixotropy; thickening flows
83.50.Sp Thermorheological properties; non-isothermal rheology
83.50.Tq Wave propagation, shocks, fracture, and crack healing
83.50.Vr Wave speed
83.50.Ws Chaotic flows; drag reduction
83.50.Yt Flows in processing machinery
83.70.-f Material form
83.70.Bi Homogeneous solids
83.70.Dk Composite solids
83.70.Fn Granular solids
83.70.Gp Homogeneous isotropic liquids; solutions and melts
83.70.Hq Heterogeneous liquids: suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, pastes, slurries, foams, block copolymers, etc.
83.70.Jr Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
83.80.-k Material types
83.80.Bp Thermoplastic polymers
83.80.Cq Thermosetting polymers
83.80.Dr Elastomeric polymers
83.80.Es Polymer blends
83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
83.80.Jx Chemically reactive materials
83.80.Lz Biological materials: blood, collagen, wood, food, etc.
83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc.
83.80.Pc Inorganic materials
83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
83.85.Cg Rheological measurements
83.85.Ei Optical methods; sonography
83.85.Gk Sensors
83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements
83.85.Lq Normal stress measurements
83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion of experiments; computation of relaxation and retardation spectra; time-temperature superposition, etc.)
83.85.Pt Flow computation (e.g., finite element) (see also 02.70 - in Mathematical methods in physics)
83.90.+s Other topics in rheology
84. Electromagnetic technology
84.20.+m Circuit theory (including analysis and design of networks)
84.30.-r Electronic circuits
84.30.Ey Microwave circuits (e.g., parametric, solid state) (see also 84.40.Y Waveguides; for microwave tubes, see 85.10.J)
84.30.Jc Power electronics, supply, and supervisory circuits
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators and mixers
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits (for pulse generators, see 84.30.N)
84.30.Vn Filters and other networks
84.30.Wp Special purpose electronic circuits (see also 29.50 Computer interfaces in instrumentation for nuclear physics)
84.40.-x Antennas, transmission lines; radiowave and microwave propagation (for optical propagation, see 42.25; see also 41.20.J in electromagnetism)
84.40.Cb Radiowave and microwave propagation
84.40.Gf Antenna theory
84.40.Hg Antennas, antenna accessories and components
84.40.Mk Transmission-line theory
84.40.Rq Transmission lines and cables (including accessories and components)
84.40.Sr Waveguide theory
84.40.Yw Waveguides (including strip lines), waveguide accessories and components
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and energy storage
84.60.Dn Electrochemical conversion and storage, general
84.60.Gr Fuel cells
84.60.Hs Batteries
84.60.Jt Solar cells and arrays (for other photoelectric devices, see 85.60)
84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion (for MHD generators, see 52.75.F)
84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion
84.60.Rb Other direct energy conversion, including electrogasdynamic, thermoelectric conversion, etc. (for thermocouples, see 85.80.F)
84.60.Td Other energy storage including capacitor banks (for capacitors, see 85.50.N)
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology
84.90.+a Other topics in electromagnetic technology
85. Electrical and magnetic devices
85.10.-n Electron tubes
85.10.Dt Electron tube technology
85.10.Fw Vacuum tubes
85.10.Jz Microwave tubes (e.g., traveling-wave, backward-wave, klystrons, magnetrons, gyrotrons)
85.10.Mc Cathode-ray and storage tubes
85.10.Pe Phototubes
85.10.Rg Gas-discharge tubes
85.20.-t Conductors, inductors, and switches
85.20.Cy Conductors
85.20.Ea Resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
85.20.Gc Inductors and coils
85.20.Je Signal and power transformers
85.20.Ni Wiring
85.20.Sn Electrical contacts (including connectors, relays, and switches)
85.20.Wr Fuses
85.25.-j Superconducting devices; superconducting magnets
85.25.Cp Josephson devices
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (including magnetometers, electromagnetic radiation sources and detectors, and computer logic and memory devices)
85.25.Jw Other low-power superconducting devices
85.25.Kx Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
85.25.Ly Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices; superconducting cables
85.25.Wh Other high-power superconducting devices
85.30.-z Semiconductor devices (for photodiodes and phototransistors, see 85.60.D; for laser diodes, see 42.55.P)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization and modeling
85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, amorphous semiconductor switches, and Gunn effect devices)
85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices
85.30.Kk Junction diodes
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices
85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors
85.30.Rs Thyristors
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.40.-e Integrated electronics; VLSI (for integrated optics, see 42.82; for microwave integrated circuits, see 84.30.E)
85.40.Bh Microcircuit design, device layout, and packaging
85.40.Hp Fabrication techniques (including lithographic technologies, direct exposure and pattern transfer methods (resists); annealing, doping, and ion implantation processing treatments)
85.40.Jq Simulation and modeling of fabrication processes
85.40.Ls Interconnections, contacts, circuit repair, surface passivation
85.40.Qx Circuit quality, performance, and reliability
85.40.Ta Microelectronic bipolar devices
85.40.Vb Microelectronic field-effect devices (including CCD, SOS, and MOS integrated circuits)
85.40.Wc Surface acoustic wave microelectronic devices (including transducers, delay lines, filters, and amplifiers) (see also 43.38.R Surface acoustic wave transducers in acoustics appendix)
85.40.Yd Other integrated electronic and VLSI devices
85.42.+m Nanotechnology
85.45.+x Vacuum microelectronics
85.50.-j Dielectric devices
85.50.Gt Insulators and insulating coatings
85.50.Ly Ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices (see also 43.38.F Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers in acoustics appendix)
85.50.Na Capacitors (for energy storage, see 84.60.T)
85.60.-q Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices and systems (for solar cells and arrays, see 84.60.J)
85.60.Dw Photoelectric devices (including photodiodes and phototransistors)
85.60.Gz Photodetectors and infrared detectors (see also 29.40 Radiation detectors; see also 07.57.K Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors; for optical detectors, see 42.79.P)
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.60.Me Other optoelectronic devices
85.60.Pg Display systems (see also 07.07.H Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.)
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.70.-w Magnetic devices
85.70.Ca Magnetic cores
85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices (for magnetostrictive transducers, see 43.38.C in acoustics appendix)
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
85.70.Kh Magnetic thin-film devices (including magnetic heads, domain-motion
devices, and magnetic displays)
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices
85.70.Nk Magnets; magnetic levitation devices (for superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices, see 85.25.L)
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
85.80.-b Electrochemical, thermoelectromagnetic, and other devices (for acoustoelectric devices, see 43.38)
85.80.Dg Electrochemical devices
85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices
85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices
85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices
85.90.+h Other topics in electrical and magnetic devices
87. Biophysics and medical physics
87.10.+e General, theoretical, and mathematical biophysics (including logic of biosystems, quantum biology, and relevant aspects of thermodynamics, information theory, cybernetics, and bionics)
87.15.-v Molecular biophysics
87.15.By Structure, bonding, conformation, configuration, and isomerism of biomolecules
87.15.Da Physical chemistry of solutions of biomolecules; condensed states
87.15.He Molecular dynamics and conformational changes
87.15.Kg Molecular interactions
87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization of biomolecules; bioluminescence
87.15.Rn Photochemical reactions of biomolecules; biochemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics; enzymatic catalysis; model reactions 87.22.-q Physics of cellular and physiological processes
87.22.As General theory and phenomenology
87.22.Bt Membrane and subcellular physics and structure
87.22.Fy Active transport processes across biological membranes; intracellular electron transport; energy transduction (including photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation)
87.22.Jb Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, synaptic transmission, memorization, and other neurophysiological processes (excluding perception processes and speech)
87.22.Me Enzymatic catalysis
87.22.Nf Mechano- and chemoceptions (including biosonic generation, detection, and guidance)
87.22.Pg Biothermics
87.40.+w Biomagnetism (cardiomagnetism, neuromagnetism, tissue susceptibility) and magnetobiology (magnetic field effects on cellular processes, and on navigation and behavior of various species)
87.45.-k Biomechanics, biorheology, and biological fluid dynamics (see also 83.80.L--in rheology; for rheological properties of biological materials, see. 83.50)
87.45.Bp Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
87.45.Dr Physics of body movements
87.45.Ft Rheology of body fluids
87.45.Hw Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics
87.50.-a Biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation (see also 28.41.T Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling, 28.52.N Safety)
87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.)
87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and infrared)
87.50.Jk Radiofrequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
87.50.Ln Linear energy transfer (LET)
87.50.Nq Radiation protection (low LET) for diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray energies
87.50.Pr Radiation protection (high LET)
87.51.+e Biological effects of sound and ultrasound; lithotripsy
87.53.-j Ionizing-radiation therapy physics
87.53.Bn Photon dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Jw Brachytherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements
87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements
87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements
87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Rd Microdosimetry
87.53.Tf Treatment planning: algorithms, collimation, verification of alignment, optimization, quality assurance specifications, tissue response factors (TCP and NTCP), etc.
87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics
87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy)
87.54.Dt Electrotherapy
87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment
87.56.By Radiation generators
87.56.Da Ancillary equipment
87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment
87.59.-e Medical imaging
87.59.Bh X-ray radiography
87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy
87.59.Dj Angiography
87.59.Ek Mammography
87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT)
87.59.Hp Digital radiography
87.59.Jq Transmission imaging
87.59.Ls Bone densitometry
87.59.Mt Ultrasonography
87.59.Pw Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
87.59.Qx Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling and metabolic studies: radiopharmaceuticals
87.59.Sz Quantitative scanning
87.59.Ta Single-photon emission computed-tomography (SPECT)
87.59.Vb Positron emission tomography (PET)
87.59.Wc Thermography, visible radiation imaging, and other imaging and diagnostic techniques
87.62.+n Medical imaging equipment
87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics (for spectrometers, see 07.57.P, 07.57.T, 07.60.R, 07.75 and 07.85.N)
87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering
87.64.Dz Electron microscopy; scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.64.Fb X-ray spectroscopy, EXAFS
87.64.Hd EPR and NMR spectroscopy
87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
87.64.Lg Electron and photoelectron spectroscopy
87.64.Ni Optical absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy
87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
87.65.+y Aerospace bio- and medical physics (effects of accelerations, weightlessness and space environment)
87.80.+s Biophysical instrumentation and techniques
87.90.+y Other topics in biophysics and medical physics
89. Other areas of research of general interest to physicists
89.20.+a Industrial and technological research and development
89.30.+f Energy resources
89.40.+k Transportation
89.50.+r Urban planning and development
89.60.+x Environmental and ecological studies
89.70.+c Information science
89.80.+h Computer science and technology
89.90.+n Other areas of general interest to physicists

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