new 12/95

1995 PACS

Summary of Scheme

70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
71. Electron states (see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states)
71.10.+x General theories and computational techniques (including many-body perturbation theory, density-functional theory, atomic sphere approximation methods, Fourier decomposition methods, etc.)
71.20.-b Electron density of states
71.20.Ad Developments in mathematical and computational techniques
71.20.Cf Metals, semimetals, and alloys
71.20.Fi Nonmetallic inorganics
71.20.Hk Polymers; organic compounds
71.25.-s Nonlocalized single-particle electronic states
71.25.Cx Developments in band-structure calculation techniques
71.25.Hc Measurement of Fermi surface parameters (including dHvA, magnetoacoustic, magnetoresistance oscillation, and cyclotron resonance studies, etc.)
71.25.Jd Effective mass and g factors
71.25.Lf Electron energy states in liquid metals
71.25.Mg Electron energy states in amorphous and glassy solids
71.25.Pi Band structure of crystalline metals
71.25.Rk Band structure of crystalline elemental semiconductors
71.25.Tn Band structure of crystalline semiconductor compounds and insulators
71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; heavy-fermion solids; intermediate-valence solids (for magnetic aspects, see 75.20.H and 75.30.M)
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions
71.35.+z Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interaction)
71.38.+i Polarons and electron-phonon interactions (see also 63.20.K Phonon- electron interactions in lattices)
71.45.-d Collective effects
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic functions, plasmons
71.45.Jp Fermi-Thomas models
71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems (see also 75.30.F Spin-density waves)
71.45.Nt Calculations of total electronic binding energy (see also 61.50.L Crystal binding)
71.50.+t Localized single-particle electronic states (excluding impurities)
71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels
71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors
71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
71.60.+z Positron states (see also 78.70.B Positron annihilation)
71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions (see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states, 75.30.E Exchange and superexchange interactions)
71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman, Stark, and strain splitting
71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
71.70.Ms Other bulk localized states and interactions (for surface states, see 73.20)
71.90.+q Other topics in electron states
72. Electronic transport in condensed matter (for electronic transport in surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 73; for thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids, see 66.60; for electrical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.P)
72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations (see also 71.45 Collective effects)
72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect)
72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
72.15.He Thermomagnetic effects
72.15.Jf Thermoelectric effects
72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect (see also 75.20.H Local moments in compounds and alloys)
72.15.Rn Quantum localization
72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators (see also 66.70 Nonelectronic thermal conduction in nonmetallic solids)
72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
72.20.Nz Thermomagnetic effects
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric effects
72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects
72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects
72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects (see also 75.80 Magnetomechanical effects)
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena
72.80.-r Conductivity of specific semiconductors and insulators
72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors
72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
72.80.Ga Transition-metal compounds
72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
72.80.Le Organic semiconductors
72.80.Ng Amorphous and glassy semiconductors
72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors
72.80.Sk Insulators
72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter
73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films (for electronic structure and electrical properties of superconducting films, see 74.25 and 74.76)
73.20.-r Surface and interface electron states
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
73.20.Dx Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds)
73.20.Fz Weak localization effects (e.g., quantized states)
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
73.40.Ei Rectification
73.40.Gk Tunneling
73.40.Hm Quantum Hall effect (including fractional)
73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor- to-insulator)
73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
73.40.Ty Semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structures
73.40.Vz Semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structures
73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
73.50.Bk General theory, scattering mechanisms
73.50.Dn Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
73.50.Fq High-field and nonlinear effects
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths
73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects
73.50.Rb Acoustoelectric and magnetoacoustic effects
73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena
73.50.Yg Other thin film transport-related topics
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films and layer structures (for optical properties of thin films, see 78.66; for magnetic properties of thin films, see 75.70)
73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
73.61.Ng Insulators
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
74. Superconductivity
74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
74.20.-z Theory
74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
74.20.Hi Theory of magnetic properties
74.20.Kk Anyons
74.20.Mn Microscopic theory of high-T sub c superconductivity; insulator- superconductor transitions
74.25.-q General properties; correlations between physical properties in normal> and superconducting states
74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
74.25.Dw Phase diagrams
74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.)
74.25.Gz Optical properties
74.25.Ha Magnetic properties
74.25.Jb Electronic structure
74.25.Kc Phonons
74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation
74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.)
74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.)
74.50.+r Proximity effects, weak links, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects
74.55.+h Type-I superconductivity
74.60.-w Type-II superconductivity
74.60.Ec Mixed state, critical fields, and surface sheath
74.60.Ge Flux pinning; flux creep, and flux-line lattice dynamics
74.60.Jg Critical currents
74.62.-c Transition temperature variations
74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition
74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution
74.62.Fj Pressure effects
74.70.-b Superconducting materials (excluding high-T sub c cuprates)
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and compounds: A15, C15, Chevrel and Laves phases (Nb- based alloys, carbides, nitrides, ternary molybdenum chalcogenides, etc.)
74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors
74.70.Wz Fullerenes
74.72.-h High-T sub c cuprates
74.72.Bk Y-based compounds
74.72.Dn La-based compounds
74.72.Fq Tl-based compounds
74.72.Hs Bi-based compounds
74.72.Jt Other cuprates
74.72.Lw Composite materials
74.76.-w Superconducting films
74.76.Bz High-T sub c cuprate films
74.76.Db Other films
74.80.-g Spatially inhomogeneous structures
74.80.Bj Granular, melt-textured, and amorphous superconductors; powders
74.80.Dm Superconducting layer structures: superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers
74.80.Fp Point contacts; SN and SNS junctions
74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity
75. Magnetic properties and materials (see also 81.40.R Magnetic properties related to materials treatment; for magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.P)
75.10.-b General theory and models of magnetic ordering (see also 05.50 Ising problems)
75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians
75.10.Hk Classical spin models
75.10.Jm Quantized spin models
75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
75.20.-g Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
75.20.En Metals and alloys
75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions (see also 72.15.Q Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect in electronic transport)
75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray scattering, etc.)
75.30.-m Magnetically ordered materials: other intrinsic properties (for critical point effects, see 75.40)
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.30.Ds Spin waves (see also 76.50 Spin-wave resonance in magnetic resonances and relaxation)
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions (see also 71.70 Level splitting and interactions in electron states)
75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena (for heavy fermion solids, see 71.28)
75.30.Pd Surface magnetism
75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect
75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order (see also 65.40 Heat capacities)
75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Kj Amorphous magnetic materials
75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
75.50.Rr Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures)
75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure (for magnetic bubbles, see 75.70.K)
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.60.Gm High coercivity materials
75.60.Jp Fine-particle systems
75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects
75.60.Nt Magnetic annealing and temperature-hysteresis effects
75.70.-i Magnetic films and multilayers
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and overlayers
75.70.Cn Interfacial magnetic properties
75.70.Fr Magnetic ordering in multilayers
75.70.Kw Domain structure (including magnetic bubbles)
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical and magnetoelectric effects, magnetostriction
75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials
76. Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter; Mossbauer effect
76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general
76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)
76.30.He Platinum and palladium group (4d and 5d) ions and impurities (Zr-Ag and Hf-Au)
76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities
76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities
76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects
76.30.Pk Conduction electrons
76.30.Rn Free radicals
76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin- wave resonance (see also 75.30.D Spin waves in magnetic properties and materials)
76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts
76.60.Es Relaxation effects
76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance
76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields
76.60.Lz Spin echoes
76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects
76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR)
76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization
76.70.Hb Optical detected magnetic resonance (ODMR)
76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation
76.80.+y Mossbauer effect; other gamma-ray spectroscopy
76.90.+d Other topics in magnetic resonances and relaxation
77. Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties (for conductivity phenomena, see 72.20 and 72.80)
77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.22.Ej Polarization and deplorization
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
77.55.+f Dielectric thin films
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electrostriction
77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves (SAW) in piezoelectrics (see also 43.35.P Surface waves in solids and liquids in acoustics appendix; for surface acoustic wave transducers, see 43.38.R in acoustics appendix)
77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance
77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc.
77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
77.84.Lf Composite materials
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
78. Optical properties and condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials (for nonlinear optical properties, see 42.50 and 42.65; for optical properties related to materials treatment, see 81.40.T; for optical properties of thin films, see 78.66; for optical materials, see 42.70; for optical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.M)
78.20.Bh General theory (for pure homogeneous materials)
78.20.Ci Refractive index, reflectivity, critical angle, dispersive power
78.20.Dj Extinction, absorption, scattering, and transmission coefficients; emissivity
78.20.Ek Optical rotatory power
78.20.Fm Birefringence (including stress birefringence, flow birefringence, etc.)
78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects
78.20.Jq Electrooptical effects
78.20.Ls Magnetooptical effects
78.20.Nv Thermooptical effects
78.20.Wc Other optical properties of bulk materials
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra and scattering (for vibrational states in crystals and disordered systems, see 63.20 and 63.50, respectively)
78.30.Cp Liquids
78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.30.Jw Organic crystals
78.30.Ly Disordered solids
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
78.40.-q Visible and ultraviolet spectra
78.40.Dw Liquids
78.40.Fy Tetrahedrally bonded nonmetals
78.40.Ha Other nonmetals
78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys
78.45.+h Stimulated emission (see also 42.55 Lasers)
78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter (see also 42.65.R - in nonlinear optics)
78.50.-w Impurity and defect absorption in solids
78.50.Ec Insulators
78.50.Ge Semiconductors
78.50.Jg Metals, semimetals, and alloys
78.55.-m Photoluminescence
78.55.Bq Liquids
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence
78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence
78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence (see also 82.40.T Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics)
78.66.-w Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers)
78.66.Bz Metal and metallic alloys
78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors (crystalline)
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
78.66.Li Other semiconductors
78.66.Nk Insulators
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.66.Sq Composite materials
78.70.-g Other interactions of matter with particles and radiation
78.70.Bj Positron annihilation (see also 71.60 Positron states)
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption and absorption edges
78.70.En X-ray emission threshold and fluorescence
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions (excluding resonances)
78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties of condensed matter and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation
79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena
79.20.-m Impact phenomena (including electron spectra and sputtering) (see also 61.80 Radiation damage and other structural irradiation effects)
79.20.Ds Laser-light impact phenomena
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena
79.20.Nc Atom, molecule, and ion impact
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam interactions with surfaces
79.40.+z Thermionic emission
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films
79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds
79.60.Ht Disordered structures
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
79.75.+g Exoelectron emission
79.90.+b Other topics in emission and impact phenomena in condensed matter

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