new 12/94

1995 PACS

Summary of Scheme

60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (for surface structure, see 68.35.B; for thin film structure, see 68.55.J)
61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering (for diffractometers, see 07.85.J)
61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.10.Lx Experimental diffraction and scattering techniques (including small- angle scattering, EXAFS, NEXAFS, and XANES)
61.10.My Crystal structure solution and refinement techniques
61.10.Wg Other computational techniques
61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.12.Ex Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering)
61.12.Gz Neutron diffraction techniques (powder, single crystal, energy dispersive, and pulsed neutron source methods)
61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering
61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
61.14.Rq Other electron diffraction and scattering techniques
61.16.-d Electron microscopy and other methods
61.16.Bg Transmission and scanning electron microscopy
61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force, magnetic, etc.
61.16.Fk Field-ion microscopy; atom and ion scattering
61.20.-p Structure of liquids
61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
61.20.Ja Computer simulation
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; glass transitions (see also 64.70.P - in Phase transitions)
61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
61.25.Em Molecular liquids
61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts (for biopolymer liquids, see 87.15)
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
61.30.-v Liquid crystals (see also 64.70.M Transitions in liquid crystals)
61.30.Cz Theory and models of liquid crystals
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and lyotropic structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.20.S, 81.20.T, and 81.60.J-in materials science; 83.80-in rheology; for biopolymers, see 87.15)
61.43.-j Disordered solids
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors and metals
61.43.Fs Glasses
61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
61.44.+p Quasicrystals
61.46.+w Solid clusters (including fullerenes) and nanoparticles (for atomic and molecular clusters, see 36.40; see also 85.42 Nanotechnology)
61.50.-f Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids) (for spin systems, see 75.25)
61.50.Cj Physics of crystal growth (for epitaxy of thin films, see 68.55; for whiskers, see 68.70; for techniques of crystal growth and film deposition, see 81.10 and 81.15)
61.50.Em Crystal symmetry: models, space groups, and crystalline systems and classes
61.50.Jr Crystal morphology and orientation
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations
61.50.Lt Crystal binding
61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.66.Hq Organic compounds
61.72.-y Defects in crystals (for radiation induced defects, see 61.80; for defects in surfaces, interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.D and 68.55.L; for impurity and defect absorption, see 78.50)
61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.72.Ss Impurities: concentration, distribution, and gradients (for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.L; see also 66.30.J Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities)
61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for radiation chemistry, see 82.50; for biological effects of radiation, see 87.50)
61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet and visible radiation (including laser radiation)
61.80.Cb X rays
61.80.Ed Gamma rays
61.80.Fe Electrons and positrons
61.80.Hg Neutrons
61.80.Jh Ions (for ion implantation, see 61.72.T, V, W)
61.80.Lj Atoms and molecules
61.80.Mk Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles
61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids
62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (for structural mechanics of shells, plates and beams, see 46.30; for deformation and material flow, see 83.10 and 83.50; for nonlinear acoustics of solids, see 43.25.D in acoustics appendix; for mechanical and acoustical properties of interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.G, 68.45.N and 68.60.B; see also 81.40 Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties, and 81.70 Materials testing; for mechanical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60; for sound propagation in liquids and solids, see 43.20, 43.25, 43.30, and 43.35)
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids (for viscosity of liquids, see 66.20)
62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids
62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity (including yield, ductility, and
superplasticity)
62.20.Hg Creep
62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations (see also 43.40 Structural acoustics and vibration)
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
62.50.+p High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids (for high pressure production and techniques; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells, see 07.35)
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43.35.F Ultrasonic relaxation processes in liquids and solids in acoustics appendix; for ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors, see 74.25.L)
62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
63. Lattice dynamics (see also 78.30 Infrared and Raman spectra; for surface and interface vibrations, see 68.35.J and 68.45.K)
63.10.+a General theory
63.20.-e Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices (for phonons in superconductors, see 74.25.K; see also 43.35.G Phonons in crystal lattice, quantum acoustics in acoustics appendix)
63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
63.20.Hp Phonon-phonon interactions
63.20.Kr Phonon-electron interactions
63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with quasiparticles
63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
63.20.Pw Localized modes
63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations
63.75.+z Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions
63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics
64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (see also 82.60 Chemical thermodynamics)
64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria (see also 05.70.C Thermodynamic functions and equations of state)
64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions (see also 63.75 Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions; for critical phenomena in quantum fluids, in solid surfaces and interfaces, and in magnetism, see 67, 68.35.R, and 75.40, respectively)
64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions (see also 61.43.H Fractals; macroscopic aggregates)
64.60.Cn Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems
64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
64.60.Kw Multicritical points
64.60.My Metastable phases
64.60.Qb Nucleation (see also 82.60.N Thermodynamics of nucleation)
64.70.-p Phase equilibria, phase transitions, and critical points of specific substances (see also 81.30 Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations)
64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions (see also 61.50.K Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations; 75.30.K and 77.80.B for magnetic and ferroelectric transitions, respectively; 81.30 - in material science)
64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
64.70.Pf Glass transitions
64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing (see also 82.60.L Thermodynamics of solutions)
64.80.-v Other phase studies of systems
64.80.Eb Stoichiometry and homogeneity
64.80.Gd Microstructure (see also 81.30 - in materials science)
64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
65. Thermal properties of condensed matter (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics; for thermodynamic properties of quantum fluids, see 67.40.K, 67.55.C, 67.57.B; for thermal properties of solid helium, see 67.80.G; for thermal properties of thin films, see 68.60.D; for thermal conduction, see 66.60, 66.70 and 72.15; for thermal properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60)
65.20.+w Heat capacities of liquids
65.40.-f Heat capacities of solids (for specific heat of superconductors, see 74.25.B; for specific heat of magnetic systems, see 75.40.C)
65.40.Em Lattice and electron heat capacity
65.40.Hq Lambda, Schottky, and other anomalies
65.50.+m Thermodynamic properties and entropy
65.70.+y Thermal expansion and thermomechanical effects
65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter
66. Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic)
66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion (for osmosis, see also 82.65.F)
66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
66.20.+d Diffusive momentum transport (including viscosity of liquids)
66.30.-h Diffusion in solids (for surface and interface diffusion, see 68.35.F)
66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
66.30.Jt Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities
66.30.Lw Diffusion, migration, and displacement of other defects
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion
66.30.Qa Electromigration
66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids (for thermal conduction in liquid metals, see 72.15.C)
66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in nonmetallic solids (for thermal conduction in solid metals, see 72.15.C and 72.15.E)
66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
67. Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (see also 05.30 Quantum statistical mechanics)
67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid helium-4)
67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of helium-4
67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations
67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
67.40.Mj First sound
67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport
67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects
67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid helium-3
67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
67.55.Hc Transport properties
67.55.Jd Collective modes
67.55.Lf Impurities
67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid helium-3
67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
67.57.Hi Transport properties
67.57.Jj Collective modes
67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces
67.57.Pq Impurities
67.60.-g Mixed systems; liquid helium-3, helium-4 mixtures
67.60.Dm He I - helium-3
67.60.Fp He II - helium-3
67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid helium-3 in He II
67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium
67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
67.80.-s Solid helium and related quantum crystals
67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
67.80.Gb Thermal properties
67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium
68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties)
68.10.-m Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces
68.10.Cr Surface energy (surface tension, interface tension, angle of contact, etc.)
68.10.Et Interface elasticity, viscosity, and viscoelasticity
68.10.Gw Interface activity, spreading
68.10.Jy Kinetics (evaporation, adsorption, condensation, catalysis, etc.) (see also 82.65 Surface and interface chemistry)
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.18.+p Langmuir-Blodgett films (for methods of film deposition, see 81.15.L)
68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces
68.35.Bs Atomic and molecular structure; crystal shapes; surface topography
68.35.Dv Composition; defects and impurities
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation (see also 66.30 Diffusion in solids)
68.35.Gy Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics vibrations
68.35.Md Surface energy; thermodynamic properties (see also 82.65.D Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces)
68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
68.35.Wm Other nonelectronic properties
68.45.-v Solid-fluid interfaces
68.45.Da Adsorption and desorption kinetics; evaporation and condensation (for chemisorption, see 82.65.M)
68.45.Gd Wetting
68.45.Kg Dynamics; vibrations
68.45.Nj Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.45.Ws Other nonelectronic properties
68.55.-a Thin film growth, structure, epitaxy (for methods of thin film deposition, see 81.15)
68.55.Bd Molecular and atomic beam epitaxy
68.55.Ce Vapor phase epitaxy
68.55.Df Liquid phase epitaxy
68.55.Eg Solid phase epitaxy
68.55.Gi Other thin film growth studies
68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc. (for diffusion of impurities, see 66.30)
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties
68.65.+g Layer structures: multilayers, and superlattices (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers

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