Changes made in the 1996 PACS Scheme
21.30.+y Nuclear forces
USE 21.30.-x
24.80.-x Fundamental interactions in nuclei
USE 24.80.+y
24.80.Ba Tests of electroweak models
USE 24.80.+y
24.80.Dc Symmetries in nuclear processes
USE 24.80.+y
25.60.+v Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
USE 25.60.-t
25.75.+r Relativistic heavy-ion reactions
USE 25.75.-q
42.50.Ne Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities,
optical chaos, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
USE 42.65.Sf
42.50.Rh Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
USE 42.65.Tg
42.52.+x Masers; gyrotrons
USE 84.40.Ik
42.55.Gp Excimer lasers
USE 42.55.Lt
42.55.Jr Metal vapor lasers
USE 42.55.Lt
61.10.Lx Experimental diffraction and scattering techniques (including
small-angle scattering, EXAFS, NEXAFS, and XANES)
USE 61.10.Ht and 61.10.Eq
61.10.My Crystal structure solution and refinement techniques
USE 61.10.Nz
61.10.Wg Other computational techniques
USE 61.10.Yh
61.12.Gz Neutron diffraction techniques (powder, single crystal, energy
dispersive, and pulsed neutron source methods)
USE 61.12.Ld
61.44.+p Quasicrystals
USE 61.44.Br
61.50.Cj Physics of crystal growth
USE 81.10.Aj
61.50.Em Crystal symmetry: models, space groups, and crystalline systems
and classes
USE 61.50.Ah
61.50.Jr Crystal morphology and orientation
USE 81.10.Aj
61.80.Mk Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles
USE 61.85.+p
63.20.Hp Phonon-phonon interactions
USE 63.20.Kr
63.75.+z Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions
USE 63.70.+h
64.80.-v Other phase studies of systems
USE 81.30.-t
64.80.Eb Stoichiometry and homogeneity
USE 61.50.Nw
64.80.Gd Microstructure
USE 81.30.-t
65.40.-f Heat capacities of solids
USE 65.40.+g
65.40.Em Lattice and electron heat capacity
USE 65.40.+g
65.40.Hq lambda, Schottky, and other anomalies
USE 65.40.+g
68.55.Bd Molecular and atomic beam epitaxy
USE 81.15.Hi
68.55.Ce Vapor phase epitaxy
USE 81.15.Kk
68.55.Df Liquid phase epitaxy
USE 81.15.Lm
68.55.Eg Solid phase epitaxy
USE 81.15.Np
68.55.Gi Other thin film growth studies
USE 81.15.Tv
71.10.+x General theories and computational techniques (including many-
body perturbation theory, density-functional theory, atomic
sphere approximation methods, Fourier decomposition methods,
etc.)
USE 71.10.-w
71.20.Ad Developments in mathematical and computational techniques
USE 71.10.-w
71.20.Cf Metals, semimetals, and alloys
USE 71.20.-b
71.20.Fi Nonmetallic inorganics
USE 71.20.-b
71.20.Hk Polymers; organic compounds
USE 71.20.Rv
71.25.-s Nonlocalized single-particle electronic states
USE 71.20.-b
71.25.Cx Developments in band-structure calculation techniques
USE 71.15.-m
71.25.Hc Measurement of Fermi surface parameters (including dHvA,
magnetoacoustic, magnetoresistance oscillation, and cyclotron
resonance studies, etc.)
USE 71.18.+y
71.25.Jd Effective mass and g factors
USE 71.18.+y
71.25.Lf Electron energy states in liquid metals
USE 71.22.+i
71.25.Mg Electron energy states in amorphous and glassy solids
USE 71.23.-k
71.25.Pi Band structure of crystalline metals
USE 71.20.-b
71.25.Rk Band structure of crystalline elemental semiconductors
USE 71.20.Mq
71.25.Tn Band structure of crystalline semiconductor compounds and
insulators
USE 71.20.Nr and 71.20.Ps
71.35.+z Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
USE 71.35.-y
71.45.Jp Fermi-Thomas models
USE 71.15.-m
71.45.Nt Calculations of total electronic binding energy
USE 71.15.Nc
71.50.+t Localized single-particle electronic states (excluding
impurities)
USE 71.23.An
72.15.He Thermomagnetic effects
USE 72.15.Jf
72.20.Nz Thermomagnetic effects
USE 72.20.Pa
74.20.Hi Theory of magnetic properties
USE 74.25.Ha
74.20.Kk Anyons
USE 74.20.Mn
74.72.Lw Composite materials
USE 74.72.Yg
75.50.Rr Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and
superlattice structures)
USE 75.70.Cn
75.60.Gm High coercivity materials
USE 75.50.Vv
75.60.Jp Fine-particle systems
USE 75.50.Tt
75.70.Fr Magnetic ordering in multilayers
USE 75.70.Cn
78.20.Dj Extinction, absorption, scattering, and transmission
coefficients; emissivity
USE 78.20.Ci
78.50.-w Impurity and defect absorption in solids
USE 78.30.-j and 78.40.-q
78.50.Ec Insulators
USE 78.30.Hv and 78.40.Ha
78.50.Ge Semiconductors
USE 78.30.-j and 78.40.Fy
78.50.Jg Metals, semimetals, and alloys
USE 78.30.Er and 78.40.Kc
79.20.Nc Atom, molecule, and ion impact
USE 79.20.Rf
81.10.Hs Zone melting and refining
USE 81.10.Fq
81.20.Gx Specific formulations of metals and alloys (compacts,
pseudoalloys)
USE 81.05.Bx
81.20.Jz Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based
composites
USE 81.05.Ni
81.20.Lb Ceramics and refractories
USE 81.05.Je
81.20.Nd Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
USE 81.05.Mh
81.20.Pe Glasses
USE 81.05.Kf
81.20.Qf Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
USE 81.05.Pj
81.20.Sh Polymers and plastics
USE 81.05.Lg
81.20.Ti Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
USE 81.05.Qk
81.35.+k Granular materials: aggregation characteristics (e.g., grain
size, particle size distribution, porosity)
USE 81.05.Rm
81.60.-j Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments
USE 81.65.-b
81.60.Bn Metals and alloys
USE 81.05.Bx
81.60.Cp Semiconductors and insulators
USE 81.65.-b
81.60.Dq Ceramics and refractories
USE 81.05.Je and 81.65.-b
81.60.Fs Glasses
USE 81.05.Kf and 81.65.-b
81.60.Hv Composites
USE 81.65.-b
81.60.Jw Polymers and plastics
USE 81.05.Lg and 81.65.-b
81.70.Dw Nondestructive testing
USE 81.70.-q
84.20.+m Circuit theory (including analysis and design of networks)
USE 84.30.Bv
84.30.Ey Microwave circuits (e.g., parametric, solid state)
USE 84.40.Dc
84.30.Wp Special purpose electronic circuits
USE 07.50.Ek
84.40.Cb Radiowave and microwave propagation
USE 41.20.Jb
84.40.Gf Antenna theory
USE 84.40.Ba
84.40.Hg Antennas, antenna accessories and components
USE 84.40.Ba
84.40.Mk Transmission-line theory
USE 84.40.Az
84.40.Rq Transmission lines and cables (including accessories and
components)
USE 84.40.Az
84.40.Sr Waveguide theory
USE 84.40.Az
84.40.Yw Waveguides (including strip lines), waveguide accessories and
components
USE 84.40.Az
84.60.Gr Fuel cells
USE 84.60.Dn
84.60.Hs Batteries
USE 84.60.Dn
84.60.Td Other energy storage including capacitor banks
USE 84.60.Ve
85.10.-n Electron tubes
USE 84.47.+w
85.10.Dt Electron tube technology
USE 84.47.+w
85.10.Fw Vacuum tubes
USE 84.47.+w
85.10.Jz Microwave tubes (e.g., traveling-wave, backward-wave, klystrons,
magnetrons, gyrotrons)
USE 84.40.Fe
85.10.Mc Cathode-ray and storage tubes
USE 84.47.+w
85.10.Pe Phototubes
USE 85.60.Ha
85.10.Rg Gas-discharge tubes
USE 52.80.-s
85.20.-t Conductors, inductors, and switches
USE 84.32.-y
85.20.Cy Conductors
USE 84.32.Ff
85.20.Ea Resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
USE 84.32.Ff
85.20.Gc Inductors and coils
USE 84.32.Hh
85.20.Je Signal and power transformers
USE 84.30.Yq
85.20.Ni Wiring
USE 84.32.Hh
85.20.Sn Electrical contacts (including connectors, relays, and switches)
USE 84.32.Dd
85.20.Wr Fuses
USE 84.32.Vv
85.25.Jw Other low-power superconducting devices
USE 85.25.Qc
85.25.Wh Other high-power superconducting devices
USE 85.25.Qc
85.40.Jq Simulation and modeling of fabrication processes
USE 85.40.Bh
85.40.Ta Microelectronic bipolar devices
USE 85.30.Pq
85.40.Vb Microelectronic field-effect devices (including CCD, SOS, and MOS
integrated circuits)
USE 85.30.Tv
85.40.Wc Surface acoustic wave microelectronic devices (including
transducers, delay lines, filters, and amplifiers)
USE 85.30.Yy
85.42.+m Nanotechnology
USE 85.40.Ux
85.45.+x Vacuum microelectronics
USE 85.45.-w
85.50.-j Dielectric devices
USE 85.50.+k
85.50.Gt Insulators and insulating coatings
USE 85.50.+k
85.50.Ly Ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices
USE 85.50.+k
85.50.Na Capacitors
USE 84.32.Tt
85.70.Ca Magnetic cores
USE 07.55.Db and 85.70.-w
85.70.Nk Magnets; magnetic levitation devices
USE 07.55.Db and 85.70.-w
91.40.+m Volcanology
USE 91.40.-k
91.65.+p Geophysical aspects of geology, mineralogy, and petrology
USE 91.65.-n
96.60.Kx Solar interior (including neutrino problem)
USE 96.60.Jw
21.30.-x Nuclear forces
(see also 13.75.C Nucleon-nucleon interactions)
21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum
21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
24.10.Lx Monte Carlo simulations (including hadron and parton cascades and
string breaking models)
24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
24.80.+y Nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries
25.60.-t Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
25.60.Bx Elastic scattering
25.60.Dz Interaction and reaction cross sections
25.60.Gc Breakup and momentum distributions
25.60.Je Transfer reactions
25.60.Lg Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
(collisions induced by light ions studied to calibrate
relativistic heavy ion collisions, should be classified under
both 25.75 and the 13 or 25 category appropriate to the light
ions)
25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
25.75.Gz Particle correlations
25.75.Ld Collective flow
26. Nuclear astrophysics
(see also 95.30 Fundamental aspects of astrophysics)
26.10.+a Energy generation
26.20.+f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis
(see also 97.10.C Stellar structure, interiors, evolution,
nucleosynthesis, ages)
26.30.+k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae and other explosive
environments
26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis
(see also 98.80.F Origin and formation of the elements)
26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
26.45.+h Elemental and isotopic abundances and evolution
26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of supernovae evolution
26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.65.+t Solar neutrinos
42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Xi Diode-pumped lasers
42.60.Pk Continuous operation
42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities,
optical chaos, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
(for solitons in fibers, see 42.81.D)
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
(see also 77.84 Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric
materials)
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
61.10.Nz Single-crystal and powder diffraction
61.10.Yh Other x-ray techniques for structure analysis
61.12.Ha Neutron reflectometry
61.12.Ld Single-crystal and powder diffraction
61.12.Yp Other neutron diffraction and scattering techniques for structure
analysis
61.14.Lj Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron
diffraction, nanodiffraction
61.14.Nm Electron holography
61.14.Qp X-ray photoelectron diffraction
61.16.Ms Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
61.16.Yc Other electron, ion and scanning probe microscopies
61.18.-j Other methods of structure determination
61.18.Bn Atom, molecule, and ion scattering
61.18.Fs Magnetic resonance techniques; Moessbauer spectroscopy
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
61.44.Br Quasicrystals
61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and
modeling
61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
62.20.Qp Tribology and hardness
(for tribology and hardness of shells, plates, and beams, see
46.30.P; see also 83.50.L in rheology)
63.22.+m Phonons in low-dimensional structures and small particles
64.60.Lx Self-organized criticality; avalanche effect
65.40.+g Heat capacities of solids
(for specific heat of superconductors, see 74.25.B; for specific
heat of magnetic systems, see 75.40.C)
66.35.+a Quantum tunneling of defects
67.40.Jg Ions in liquid [supon]4[supoff]He
67.55.Ig Ions in normal liquid [supon]3[supoff]He
67.57.Gh Ions in superfluid [supon]3[supoff]He
67.60.Js Ions in liquid [supon]3[supoff]He-[supon]4[supoff]He mixtures
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
71.10.-w Theories and models of many electron systems
71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
71.10.Hf Non-Fermi-liquid ground states, electron phase diagrams and phase
transitions in model systems
71.10.Li Excited states and pairing interactions in model systems
71.10.Pm Fermions in reduced dimensions (anyons, composite fermions,
Luttinger liquid, etc.)
(for anyon mechanism in superconductors, see 74.20.M)
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
71.15.Ap Plane-wave methods (including augmented plane-wave method)
71.15.Cr Scattering methods
71.15.Fv Atomic- and molecular-orbital methods (including tight binding
approximation, valence-band method, etc.)
71.15.Hx Pseudopotential method
71.15.La Atomic sphere approximation methods
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.15.Pd Molecular dynamics calculations (Car-Parinello) and other
numerical simulations
71.15.Rf Relativistic effects
71.15.Th Other methods
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g
factor
71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
71.20.Lp Intermetallic compounds
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and
their alloys
71.23.-k Electronic structure of disordered solids
71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
71.24.+q Electronic structure of clusters and nanoparticles
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
71.35.Gg Exciton-mediated interactions
71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and
excitonic phase transitions)
71.70.Di Landau levels
71.70.Fk Strain-induced splitting
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
72.80.Tm Composite materials
73.23.-b Mesoscopic systems
73.23.Ad Ballistic transport
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
73.23.Ps Other electronic properties of mesoscopic systems
73.61.Tm Nanocrystalline materials
73.61.Wp Fullerenes
74.62.Yb Other effects
74.72.Gr Hg-base cuprates
74.72.Ny Quaternary and multinary borocarbides
74.72.Yg Other compounds
75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
(see also 85.70 Magnetic devices)
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems
75.50.Vv High coercivity materials
75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
75.70.Pa Giant magnetoresistance
76.60.Pc NMR imaging
(for medical NMR imaging, see 87.59.P)
77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
78.30.Am Elemental semiconductors and insulators
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.40.Me Organic solids and polymers
78.40.Pg Disordered solids
78.40.Ri Fullerenes and related materials
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
78.55.Mb Porous materials
78.60.Ya Other luminescence (including radiation-induced)
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
78.66.Vs Microparticles
78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
79.20.Ap Theory of impact phenomena; numerical simulation
79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
79.20.Mb Positron emission
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing and analysis
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides,
nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers;
organometallic and organic materials
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based
composites
81.05.Pj Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials; diamonds, graphite
81.05.Ys Nanophase materials
81.05.Zx New materials: theory, design, and fabrication
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics of crystal growth,
crystal morphology and orientation
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy
81.15.Tv Other methods of film growth and epitaxy
81.20.Fw Sol-gel processing, precipitation
81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion etc.
81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis
81.20.Rg Aerosols in materials synthesis and processing
81.20.Vj Joining; welding
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
81.20.Ym Purification
81.20.Zx Other methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
81.40.Wx Radiation treatment (particle and electromagnetic)
(see also 61.80 Physical radiation effects, radiation damage)
81.65.-b Surface treatments
(see also 85.40 Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated
circuit fabrication technology)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
81.65.Kn Corrosion protection
81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.65.Ps Polishing
81.65.Rv Passivation
81.65.Tx Gettering
81.65.Ya Other surface treatments
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current
testing
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.70.Jb Chemical composition analysis, chemical depth and dopant
profiling
81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA),
differential thermogravimetric analysis
81.70.Yp Other methods of materials testing and analysis
84.30.Bv Circuit theory (including computer-aided circuit design and
analysis)
84.30.Yq Other electronic circuits
84.32.-y Passive circuit components
(see also 07.50 Electrical and electronic components,
instruments, and techniques)
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and
photoresistors)
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors
84.32.Vv Fuses
84.35.+i Neural networks
(for optical neural networks, see 42.79.T, see also 07.05.M
Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence)
84.37.+q Electric variable measurements (including voltage, current,
resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance,
etc.)
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
(for plasma interactions with antennas, see 52.40.F in Plasma
physics)
84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g. klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave,
backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing;
communication satellites
(for optical communications, see 42.79.S)
84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
84.40.Zc Other topics in radiowave and microwave technology
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
(see also 85.45 Vacuum microelectronics)
84.50.+d Electric motors
84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion systems; figure
of merit
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks
85.25.Am Superconducting device characterization, design, and modeling
85.25.Hv Superconducting logic elements and memory devices
85.25.Na Superconducting microelectronic circuits
85.25.Pb Superconducting infrared, submillimeter and millimeter wave
detectors
85.25.Qc Superconducting surface acoustic wave devices and other
superconducting devices
85.30.St Quantum interference devices
85.30.Vw Low-dimensional quantum devices (quantum dots, quantum wires
etc.)
85.30.Wx Single electron devices
85.30.Yy Other semiconductor devices
85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
85.40.Sz Deposition technology
(for plasma applications in deposition technology, see 52.75.R)
85.40.Ux Nanometer-scale fabrication technology
85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics
85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and
modeling
85.45.Db Field emitter and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
85.45.Yv Other vacuum microelectronic devices
85.50.+k Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
85.70.Ay Magnetic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.70.Rp Magnetic levitation, propulsion and control devices
(for superconducting-magnetic levitation devices, see 85.25.L)
85.70.Yv Other magnetic devices
91.10.Fc Space geodetic surveys
91.10.Kg Crustal movements
91.10.Rn Rheology of lithosphere and mantle
91.10.Sp Satellite orbits
91.10.Vr Ocean/Earth/atmosphere interaction
91.10.Ws Reference systems
91.25.Dx Archeomagnetism
91.25.Mf Reversals
91.25.Ph Magnetostratigraphy
91.30.Tb Volcano seismology
91.30.Vc Continental crust seismology
91.30.Ye Oceanic crust seismology
91.35.Pn Tomography of the Earth's interior
(see also 91.30 Seismology)
91.40.-k Volcanology
91.40.Bp Ash deposits
91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects
(see also 92.60.M Particles and aerosols--in Meteorology)
91.40.Ft Eruptions
91.40.Hw Lava
91.45.Cg Continental margins
91.45.Ei Neotectonics
91.45.Qv Tomography of plate tectonics
91.45.Ty Folds and Folding
91.45.Vz Fractures and faults
91.45.Yb Pluton emplacement
91.60.Dc Creep and deformation
91.60.Ed Crystal structure and defects
91.60.Gf High-pressure behavior
91.65.-n Geophysical aspects of geology, mineralogy, and petrology
91.65.Br Geochemical cycles
91.65.Dt Isotopic composition/chemistry
91.65.Fw Low-temperature geochemistry
91.65.Hy Organic geochemistry
91.65.Nd Trace elements
91.65.Rg Mineral occurrences and deposits
91.65.Ti Sedimentary petrology
91.65.Vj Major element composition
92.10.Cg Capillary waves
92.10.Ei Coriolis effects
92.10.Gk El Nino
92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure
92.10.Ty Fronts and jets
92.10.Wa Sediment transport
92.10.Yb Hydrography
92.20.Bk Aerosols
92.20.Hs Anoxic environments
92.20.Kv Photochemistry
92.20.Lw Photosynthesis
92.20.Mx Physicochemical properties
92.20.Pz Bacteria
92.20.Rb Plankton
92.20.Td Radioactivity
92.70.-j Global change
(see also 92.60 Meteorology)
92.70.Cp Atmosphere
92.70.Er Biogeochemical processes
92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
92.70.Jw Oceans
92.70.Ly Water cycles
94.20.Kj Polar cap ionosphere
94.30.Jp Ring currents
96.60.Jw Solar interior
(for solar neutrinos, see 26.65)
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles,
displacements, including nanometer-scale displacements)
23.40.-s beta decay; double beta decay; electron and muon capture
24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
42.25.Kb Coherence
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.60.Gd Q-switching
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial
pattern formation
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and
semiconductor materials
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
(see also 85.60.G Photodetectors)
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
(see also 42.40.H Hologram recording and readout methods)
61.14.Rq Other electron diffraction and scattering techniques for
structure analysis
61.16.-d Electron, ion, and scanning probe microscopy
(for electron microscopy of crystal defects, see 61.72.F)
61.16.Bg Transmission, reflection and scanning electron microscopy
(including EBIC)
61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force,
scanning optical, magnetic force, etc.
61.16.Fk Field emission and field-ion microscopy
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
(for glass transitions, see 64.70.P)
61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
61.30.Cz Theory and models of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and
other structures
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.46.+w Clusters, nanoparticles, and nanocrystalline materials
(see also 36.40 Atomic and molecular clusters)
61.50.-f Crystalline state
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure
effects
(see also 81.30.H)
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
(for radiation induced defects, see 61.80; for defects in
surfaces, interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.D and 68.55.L; see
also 85.40.R Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation
technology)
61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
(for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.L; see also 66.30.J
Diffusion of impurities)
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including
laser radiation)
61.80.Cb X-ray effects
61.80.Ed gamma ray effects
61.80.Fe Electrons and positron radiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
(for ion implantation, see 61.72.T, V, W)
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
62.50.+p High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids and liquids
(for high pressure apparatus and techniques, see 07.35)
63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices
(for phonons in superconductors, see 74.25.K)
63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase
transitions
64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations; statistical mechanics of model
systems
64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation
(see also 82.60.L Thermodynamics of solutions)
65.70.+y Thermal expansion and density changes; thermomechanical effects
66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in
solids; thermal waves
(for thermal conduction in metals and alloys, see 72.15.C and
72.15.E)
68.35.Bs Surface structure and topography
68.35.Gy Mechanical and acoustical properties; adhesion
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
(for methods of thin film deposition, film growth and epitaxy,
see 81.15)
68.65.+g Low-dimensional structures (superlattices, quantum well
structures, multilayers): structure, and nonelectronic properties
71. Electronic structure
(see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states)
71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline
solids
(for electronic structure of superconductors, see 74.25.J)
71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
(for magnetic aspects, see 75.20.H and 75.30.M)
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting
71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure
72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
72.80.-r Conductivity of specific materials
(for conductivity of metals and alloys, see 72.15)
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
72.80.Ng Disordered solids
73.20.Dx Electron states in low-dimensional structures (superlattices,
quantum well structures and multilayers)
73.40.Hm Quantum Hall effect (integer and fractional)
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films and layer structures
(multilayers, superlattics, quantum wells, wires, and dots)
(for optical properties of thin films, see 78.20 and 78.66; for
magnetic properties of thin films, see 75.70)
74.20.-z Theories and models of superconducting state
74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms (spin fluctuations, polarons and
bipolarons, resonating valence bond model, anyon mechanism,
marginal Fermi liquid, Luttinger liquid, etc.)
74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
74.70.-b Superconducting materials (excluding high-T[subon]c[suboff]
compounds)
74.70.Wz Fullerenes and related materials
74.72.-h High-T[subon]c[suboff] compounds
74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates
74.72.Dn La-based cuprates
74.72.Fq Tl-based cuprates
74.72.Hs Bi-based cuprates
74.76.Bz High-T[subon]c[suboff] films
74.76.Db Other superconducting films
75.30.-m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
(for critical point effects, see 75.40)
75.50.Kj Amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic materials; quasicrystals
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.70.Cn Interfacial magnetic properties (multilayers, magnetic quantum
wells, superlattices, magnetic heterostructures)
77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
78. Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other
interactions of radiation and particles with condensed matter
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
(for optical properties related to materials treatment, see
81.40.T; for optical materials, see 42.70; for optical properties
of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.M)
78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
78.20.Ci Optical constants: refractive index, complex dielectric constant,
absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity
78.20.Ek Optical activity
78.20.Fm Birefringence
78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical, and photoacoustic effects
78.20.Nv Thermooptical and photothermal effects
78.20.Wc Other optical properties
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
(for vibrational states in crystals and disordered systems, see
63.20 and 63.50 respectively)
78.30.Jw Organic solids, polymers
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
(for Raman scattering, see 78.30)
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
(for infrared spectra, see 78.30)
78.40.Fy Semiconductors
78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films, surfaces, and low-
dimensional structures: superlattices, quantum well structures,
multilayers, and microparticles
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses; nanocrystalline materials
78.70.-g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy
and other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed
matter
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with
surfaces
79.90.+b Other topics in electron and ion emission by liquids and solids
and impact phenomena
81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth; physics of crystal growth
(for crystal structure, see 61)
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and
epitaxy
(for structure of thin films, see 68.55; see also 85.40.S
Deposition technology)
81.15.Fg Laser deposition
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD,
etc.)
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts,
solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
81.15.Np Solid phase epitaxy; growth from solid phases
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
(for ion implantation and doping, see 61.72)
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering,
mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.30.Mh Solid-phase precipitation
(see also 64.75 Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase
separation)
81.40.Cd Solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion
hardening; aging
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation
annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture and
failure
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties (related to treatment
conditions)
81.40.Vw Pressure treatment
(see also 62.50.P High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids
and liquids)
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
(for specific chemical analysis methods, see 82.80)
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (x-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron
spectroscopy(AES), etc.)
82.80.Yc Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and other methods of chemical
analysis
84. Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy
conversion and storage
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
(see also 84.70 High-current and high-voltage technology)
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers,
limiters, and compressors
84.30.Vn Filters
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
84.60.Dn Electrochemical conversion and storage: electrochemical cells and
batteries; fuel cells
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
(for solar collectors and concentrators, see 42.79.E)
84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy
conversion
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power
transmission lines and cables (including superconducting cables)
84.90.+a Other topics in electronics, radiowave and microwave technology,
and direct energy conversion and storage
85. Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
85.25.Ly Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
(for superconducting cables, see 84.70)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices
(including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, and
Gunn effect devices)
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance
tunneling devices)
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication
technology
(see also 85.45 Vacuum microelectronics, 85.30 Semiconductor
devices, and 81.65 Surface treatments)
85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
85.40.Yd Other topics in microelectronics and integrated circuit
fabrication technologies
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
(see also 42.79 Optical elements, devices and systems)
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
(for superconducting infrared detectors, see 85.25.P)
85.70.Kh Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads (magnetoresistive,
inductive, etc.); domain-motion devices, etc.
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes,
disks, and drums)
85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and
microelectronics
87. Biological and medical physics
92.10.Pt Optical properties of sea water
95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
(see also 26 Nuclear astrophysics)
98.65.At Interacting galaxies, galaxy pairs, and tuples; galaxy mergers
