2003 PACS

A summary of changes made to the 2003 PACS is also available.

00. GENERAL
01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy
01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
01.20.+x Communication forms and techniques (written, oral, electronic, etc.)
01.30.-y Physics literature and publications
01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
01.30.Pp Textbooks for undergraduates
01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
01.30.Tt Bibliographies
01.30.Vv Book reviews
01.30.Xx Publications in electronic media (for the topic of electronic publishing, see 01.20.+x)
01.40.-d Education
01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
01.40.Ej Science in elementary and secondary school
01.40.Fk Physics education research (cognition, problem solving, etc.)
01.40.Gm Curricula; teaching methods, strategies, theory of testing and evaluation
01.40.Jp Teacher training
01.50.-i Educational aids
01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films
01.50.Ht Instructional computer use
01.50.Kw Techniques of testing
01.50.Lc Laboratory computer use (see also 01.50.Pa)
01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus (see also 01.50.Lc)
01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
01.50.Wg Physics of toys
01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
01.55.+b General physics
01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.65.+g History of science
01.70.+w Philosophy of science
01.75.+m Science and society (for science and government, see 01.78.+p)
01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
01.80.+b Physics of sports
01.90.+g Other topics of general interest (restricted to new topics in section 01)
02. Mathematical methods in physics
02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra
02.10.Ab Logic and set theory
02.10.De Algebraic structures and number theory
02.10.Hh Rings and algebras
02.10.Kn Knot theory
02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
02.10.Ud Linear algebra
02.10.Xm Multilinear algebra
02.10.Yn Matrix theory
02.20.-a Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.Fd; for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30.-j)
02.20.Bb General structures of groups
02.20.Hj Classical groups
02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups
02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups
02.20.Uw Quantum groups
02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
02.30.Cj Measure and integration
02.30.Em Potential theory
02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces
02.30.Gp Special functions
02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
02.30.Ik Integrable systems
02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations
02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability
02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
02.30.Oz Bifurcation theory (see also 47.20.Ky in fluid dynamics)
02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
02.30.Rz Integral equations
02.30.Sa Functional analysis
02.30.Tb Operator theory
02.30.Uu Integral transforms
02.30.Vv Operational calculus
02.30.Xx Calculus of variations
02.30.Yy Control theory
02.30.Zz Inverse problems
02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also section 04 Relativity and gravitation)
02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities
02.40.Gh Noncommutative geometry
02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
02.40.Ma Global differential geometry
02.40.Pc General topology
02.40.Re Algebraic topology
02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
02.40.Tt Complex manifolds
02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
02.40.Xx Singularity theory (see also 05.45.-a in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
02.40.Yy Geometric mechanics (see also 45.20.Jj in formalisms in classical mechanics)
02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also section 05 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
02.50.Cw Probability theory
02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
02.50.Ga Markov processes
02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory
02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis
02.50.Tt Inference methods
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation
02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration
02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations
02.60.Pn Numerical optimization
02.70.-c Computational techniques (for quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx)
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
02.70.Hm Spectral methods
02.70.Jn Collocation methods
02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods
02.70.Rr General statistical methods
02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Tt Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.50.Ng in probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics, and 05.10.Ln in statistical physics)
02.70.Wz Symbolic computation (computer algebra)
02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics (restricted to new topics in section 02)
03. Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity (see also section 11 General theory of fields and particles)
03.30.+p Special relativity
03.50.-z Classical field theories
03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations (for applied classical electromagnetism, see 41.20.-q)
03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
03.65.-w Quantum mechanics (see also 03.67.-a Quantum information; 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics)
03.65.Ca Formalism
03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
03.65.Nk Scattering theory
03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory (for optical tests of quantum theory, see 42.50.Xa)
03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's inequalities, GHZ states, etc.) (for entanglement production in quantum information, see 03.67.Mn; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
03.65.Wj State reconstruction, quantum tomography
03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods (see also 03.67.Pp in quantum information; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.-a Quantum information
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
03.67.Lx Quantum computation
03.67.Mn Entanglement production, characterization, and manipulation (see also 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against decoherence (see also 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10.-z Field theory)
03.75.-b Matter waves (for atom interferometry techniques, see 39.20.+q-in atomic and molecular physics)
03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
03.75.Gg Entanglement and decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates
03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical and structural properties
03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices and topological excitations
03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
03.75.Pp Atom lasers
03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
04. General relativity and gravitation (see also 95.30.Sf in astronomy)
... ... ... Special relativity, see 03.30.+p
04.20.-q Classical general relativity (see also 02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology)
04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions
04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure
04.20.Jb Exact solutions
04.25.-g Approximation methods; equations of motion
04.25.Dm Numerical relativity
04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
04.30.-w Gravitational waves: theory
04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
04.40.-b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations (see also 97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution)
04.40.Nr Einstein-Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or classical fields
04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity (see also 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models)
04.60.-m Quantum gravity
04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models
04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods
04.60.Pp Loop quantum gravity, quantum geometry, spin foams
04.62.+v Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
04.65.+e Supergravity (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models)
04.70.-s Physics of black holes (see also 97.60.Lf-in astronomy)
04.70.Bw Classical black holes
04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity
04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments (see also 95.55.Ym-in astronomy)
04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation (restricted to new topics in section 04)
05. Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (see also 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics)
05.10.-a Computational methods in statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics (see also 02.70.-c in mathematical methods in physics)
05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.70.Tt, Uu in mathematical methods in physics; for Monte Carlo methods in plasma simulation, see 52.65.Pp)
05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics
05.20.Dd Kinetic theory (see also 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases)
05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids (see also 47.10.+g General theory in fluid dynamics)
05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics
05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas (see also 71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems)
05.30.Jp Boson systems (for static and dynamic properties of Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Hh and 03.75.Kk)
05.30.Pr Fractional statistics systems (anyons, etc.)
05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion (for fluctuations in superconductivity, see 74.40.+k; for statistical theory and fluctuations in nuclear reactions, see 24.60.-k; for fluctuations in plasma, see 52.25.Gj)
05.40.Ca Noise
05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
05.40.Jc Brownian motion
05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear dynamical systems (see also section 45 Classical mechanics of discrete systems)
05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
05.45.Df Fractals (see also 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics)
05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos
05.45.Jn High-dimensional chaos
05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
05.45.Pq Numerical simulations of chaotic systems
05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
05.45.Tp Time series analysis
05.45.Vx Communication using chaos
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
05.45.Yv Solitons (see 52.35.Sb for solitons in plasma; for solitons in acoustics, see 43.25.Rq-in acoustics appendix; see 42.50.Md, 42.65.Tg, 42.81.Dp for solitons in optics; see also 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices and topological excitations)
05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics (Ising, Potts, etc.) (see also 64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations and statistical mechanics of model systems and 75.10.Hk Classical spin models)
05.60.-k Transport processes
05.60.Cd Classical transport
05.60.Gg Quantum transport
05.65.+b Self-organized systems (see also 45.70.-n in classical mechanics of discrete systems)
05.70.-a Thermodynamics (see also section 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions, and section 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60.-s; for thermodynamics of plasmas, see 52.25.Kn)
... ... ... Thermodynamics of nanoparticles, see 82.60.Qr
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state (see also 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state in physics of gases)
05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies
05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena
05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics (see also 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics (see also 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies in surfaces and interfaces)
05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (restricted to new topics in section 05)
06. Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (for laser applications in metrology, see 42.62.Eh)
06.20.-f Metrology
06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
06.20.Fn Units and standards
06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
06.30.Dr Mass and density
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
06.60.-c Laboratory procedures
06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures
06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures
... ... ... National and international laboratory facilities, see 01.52.+r
06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (restricted to new topics in section 06)
07. Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and techniques)
07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics
... ... ... Computers in physics education, see 01.50.Ht and 01.50.Lc
... ... ... Computational techniques, see 02.70.-c-in mathematical methods in physics
... ... ... Quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx in quantum mechanics
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.05.Dz Control systems
07.05.Fb Design of experiments
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
07.05.Pj Image processing (see also 42.30.Va in optics; 87.57.-s Medical imaging: general in biological and medical physics)
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
07.07.-a General equipment
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
07.07.Mp Transducers
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
07.07.Vx Hygrometers
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems (for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), see 85.85.+j in electronic and magnetic devices)
07.10.Fq Vibration isolation
07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc.
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus
07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Fw Calorimeters (for calorimeters as radiation detectors, see 29.40.Vj)
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature equipment
07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus
07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas
07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges
07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components (see also 84.30.-r Electronic circuits and 84.32.-y Passive circuit components)
07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment
07.50.Ls Electrometers
07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics (see also 84.40.Ua in radiowave and microwave technology)
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets (for superconducting magnets, see 84.71.Ba)
07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments
07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment (for infrared and radio telescopes, see 95.55.Cs, 95.55.Fw, and 95.55.Jz in astronomy)
07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors in electronic and magnetic devices, and 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers in astronomy)
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment
... ... ... Optical sources, see 42.72.-g
... ... ... Optical elements, devices, and systems 42.79.-e
... ... ... Optoelectronic devices 85.60.-q
... ... ... Optical telescopes, see 95.55.Cs
07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers
07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes (for near-field scanning optical microscopes, see 07.79.Fc; for x-ray microscopes, see 07.85.Tt)
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments (see also 42.81.-i Fiber optics-in optics)
07.64.+z Acoustic instruments and equipment (see also 43.58.+z-in acoustics)
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers (see also 82.80.Ms, 82.80.Nj, and 82.80.Rt in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors (see also 39.10.+j in atomic and molecular physics)
07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors (see also 29.40.-n in nuclear physics)
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components (see also 68.37.-d in surfaces and interfaces)
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers (see also 29.30.-h in nuclear physics)
07.85.-m X- and gamma-ray instruments (for x- and gamma-ray telescopes, see 95.55.Ka in astronomy)
07.85.Fv X- and gamma-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
07.85.Jy Diffractometers
07.85.Nc X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers
07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.) (for aeronomy and magnetospheric instrumentation, see 94.80.+g; see also 95.55.Fw and 95.40.+s in astronomy)
07.88.+y Instruments for environmental pollution measurements
07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments (e.g., radiation and pollution effects) (for environmental effects on optical elements, devices, and systems, see 42.88.+h)
07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (restricted to new topics in section 07)
10. THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS (for cosmic rays, see 96.40.-z in astronomy; for experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle physics, see section 29)
11. General theory of fields and particles (see also 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics and 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields)
11.10.-z Field theory (for gauge field theories, see 11.15.-q)
11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
11.10.Gh Renormalization
11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four (see also 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions; 04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models in quantum gravity)
11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models (see also 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture)
11.10.Nx Noncommutative field theory
11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
... ... ... Relativistic wave equations, see 03.65.Pm
11.15.-q Gauge field theories
11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory (see also 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations)
11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions
11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques
11.25.-w Strings and branes (for cosmic strings, see 98.80.Cq in cosmology; see also 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture)
11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
11.25.Pm Noncritical string theory
11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory
11.25.Tq Gauge/string duality
11.25.Uv D branes
11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
11.25.Yb M theory
11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture (see also 98.80.Cq in cosmology; 11.25.-w Strings and branes)
11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincare invariance
11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries
11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
11.30.Pb Supersymmetry (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models)
11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
11.40.-q Currents and their properties
11.40.Dw General theory of currents
11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras (see also 12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians)
11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
11.55.-m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
11.55.Ds Exact S matrices
11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
11.55.Hx Sum rules
11.55.Jy Regge formalism (see also 12.40.Nn in strong interactions)
11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory
11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.)
11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering
11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
11.80.La Multiple scattering
11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles (restricted to new topics in section 11)
12. Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics
12.10.-g Unified field theories and models (see also 04.50.+h-in general relativity and gravitation, 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models)
12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
12.15.-y Electroweak interactions
... ... ... Extensions of gauge or Higgs sector, see 12.60.Cn or 12.60.Fr
12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing (see also 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing)
12.15.Hh Determination of Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements
12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes
12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections (see also 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes)
12.15.Mm Neutral currents
12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics
12.20.Ds Specific calculations
12.20.Fv Experimental tests (for optical tests in quantum electrodynamics, see 42.50.Xa)
12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics
... ... ... Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes, see 24.85.+p
12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory
12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations (see also 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory)
12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations
12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma (see also 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production and phase transitions in relativistic heavy ion collisions)
12.38.Qk Experimental tests
12.39.-x Phenomenological quark models
12.39.Ba Bag model
12.39.Dc Skyrmions
12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
12.39.Hg Heavy quark effective theory
12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
12.39.Ki Relativistic quark model
12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
12.39.Pn Potential models
12.39.St Factorization
12.40.-y Other models for strong interactions
12.40.Ee Statistical models
12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models (see also 11.55.Jy Regge formalism)
12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance
12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
12.60.-i Models beyond the standard model
... ... ... Unified field theories and models, see 12.10.-g
12.60.Cn Extensions of electroweak gauge sector
12.60.Fr Extensions of electroweak Higgs sector
12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models (see also 04.65.+e Supergravity)
12.60.Nz Technicolor models
12.60.Rc Composite models
12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models (restricted to new topics in section 12)
13. Specific reactions and phenomenology
13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
13.20.-v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
13.20.Cz Decays of pi mesons
13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons
13.20.Gd Decays of J/psi, Upsilon, and other quarkonia
13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
13.25.-k Hadronic decays of mesons
13.25.Cq Decays of pi mesons
13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
13.25.Gv Decays of J/psi, Upsilon, and other quarkonia
13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
13.30.-a Decays of baryons
13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
13.35.-r Decays of leptons
13.35.Bv Decays of muons
13.35.Dx Decays of taus
13.35.Hb Decays of heavy neutrinos
13.38.-b Decays of intermediate bosons
13.38.Be Decays of W bosons
13.38.Dg Decays of Z bosons
13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties
13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences
13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons (for neutrino interactions, see 13.15.+g)
13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
13.60.Le Meson production
13.60.Rj Baryon production
13.66.-a Lepton-lepton interactions
13.66.Bc Hadron production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.De Lepton production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Fg Gauge and Higgs boson production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Hk Production of non-standard model particles in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Jn Precision mesurements in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Lm Processes in other lepton-lepton interactions
13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering (energy(less-than-or-equal-to)10 GeV) (for higher energies, see 13.85.-t)
13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.) (for N-N interactions in nuclei, see 21.30.-x)
13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions (energy>10 GeV) (for low energies, see 13.75.-n)
13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
13.85.Lg Total cross sections
13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles
13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions (see also 96.40.-z Cosmic rays in astronomy)
13.87.-a Jets in large-Q2 scattering
13.87.Ce Production
13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons
13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles (restricted to new topics in section 13)
14. Properties of specific particles
14.20.-c Baryons (including antiparticles)
14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
14.20.Gk Baryon resonances with S=0
14.20.Jn Hyperons
14.20.Lq Charmed baryons
14.20.Mr Bottom baryons
14.20.Pt Dibaryons
14.40.-n Mesons
14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons
14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass<2.5 GeV
14.40.Ev Other strange mesons
14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass>2.5 GeV (including quarkonia)
14.40.Lb Charmed mesons
14.40.Nd Bottom mesons
14.60.-z Leptons
14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
14.60.Ef Muons
14.60.Fg Taus
14.60.Hi Other charged heavy leptons
14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos (nue, numu, nutau)
14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing (see also 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing)
14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc.
14.65.-q Quarks
14.65.Bt Light quarks
14.65.Dw Charmed quarks
14.65.Fy Bottom quarks
14.65.Ha Top quarks
14.70.-e Gauge bosons
14.70.Bh Photons
14.70.Dj Gluons
14.70.Fm W bosons
14.70.Hp Z bosons
14.70.Pw Other gauge bosons
14.80.-j Other particles (including hypothetical)
14.80.Bn Standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles
14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
21. Nuclear structure (for nucleon structure, see 14.20.Dh Properties of protons and neutrons; 13.40.-f for electromagnetic processes and properties; 13.60.Hb for deep-inelastic structure functions)
21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels (for properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges, see section 27)
21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
21.10.Ft Charge distribution
21.10.Gv Mass and neutron distributions
21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors
21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
21.10.Ma Level density
21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
21.10.Re Collective levels
21.10.Sf Coulomb energies
21.10.Tg Lifetimes
21.30.-x Nuclear forces (see also 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions)
21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum
21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
21.45.+v Few-body systems
21.60.-n Nuclear structure models and methods
21.60.Cs Shell model
21.60.Ev Collective models
21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
21.60.Gx Cluster models
21.60.Jz Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations
21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models
21.65.+f Nuclear matter
... ... ... Exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10.-k
21.80.+a Hypernuclei
21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure (restricted to new topics in section 21)
23. Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions
23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios
23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
23.20.Lv gamma transitions and level energies
23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects
23.20.Ra Internal pair production
23.40.-s Beta decay; double beta decay; electron and muon capture
23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton (including neutrino) aspects (see also 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing)
23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
23.60.+e Alpha decay
23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay
23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy (restricted to new topics in section 23)
24. Nuclear reactions: general
24.10.-i Nuclear reaction models and methods
24.10.Cn Many-body theory
24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted-wave models
24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
24.10.Jv Relativistic models
24.10.Lx Monte Carlo simulations (including hadron and parton cascades and string breaking models)
24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
24.30.-v Resonance reactions
24.30.Cz Giant resonances
24.30.Gd Other resonances
24.50.+g Direct reactions
24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations
24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions
24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
24.75.+i General properties of fission
24.80.+y Nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries
24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes
24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general (restricted to new topics in section 24)
25. Nuclear reactions: specific reactions
25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems
25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions
25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions
25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering
25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum
25.30.Hm Positron scattering
25.30.Mr Muon scattering (including the EMC effect)
25.30.Pt Neutrino scattering
25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions
25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions (see also 28.20.-v Neutron physics)
25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
25.40.Lw Radiative capture
25.40.Ny Resonance reactions
25.40.Qa (p, pi) reactions
25.40.Sc Spallation reactions
25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies>400 MeV)
25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions
25.45.-z 2H-induced reactions
25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.55.-e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.55.Hp Transfer reactions
25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.-t Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
25.60.Bx Elastic scattering
25.60.Dz Interaction and reaction cross sections
25.60.Gc Breakup and momentum distributions
25.60.Je Transfer reactions
25.60.Lg Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering
25.70.De Coulomb excitation
25.70.Ef Resonances
25.70.Gh Compound nucleus
25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions
25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions
25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation
25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations
25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (collisions induced by light ions studied to calibrate relativistic heavy-ion collisions should be classified under both 25.75.-q and sections 13 or 25 appropriate to the light ions)
25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
25.75.Gz Particle correlations
25.75.Ld Collective flow
25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions (see also 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma in quantum chromodynamics)
25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering
25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption
25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions
25.85.-w Fission reactions
25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
25.85.Jg Photofission
25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions (restricted to new topics in section 25)
26. Nuclear astrophysics (see also 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics in astronomy)
26.20.+f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis (see also 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages in astronomy)
26.30.+k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae and other explosive environments
26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis (see also 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements in astronomy)
26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.65.+t Solar neutrinos
27. Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges (an additional heading must be chosen with these entries, where the given mass number limits are, to some degree, arbitrary)
27.10.+h A(less-than-or-equal-to)5
27.20.+n 6(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)19
27.30.+t 20(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)38
27.40.+z 39(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)58
27.50.+e 59(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)89
27.60.+j 90(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)149
27.70.+q 150(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)189
27.80.+w 190(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)219
27.90.+b 220(less-than-or-equal-to)A
28. Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
28.20.-v Neutron physics (see also 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions and 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission)
28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
28.20.Fc Neutron absorption
28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
28.41.-i Fission reactors
28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery
28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
28.41.My Reactor control systems
28.41.Pa Moderators
28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials
28.41.Rc Instrumentation
28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
28.50.-k Fission reactor types
28.50.Dr Research reactors
28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
28.50.Hw Power and production reactors
28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors
28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators
28.52.-s Fusion reactors (see also 52.55.-s, 52.57.-z, and 52.58.-c in physics of plasmas)
28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
28.52.Fa Materials
28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation
28.52.Nh Safety
28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
28.70.+y Nuclear explosions (see also 47.40.-x Compressional flows; shock and detonation phenomena; for radiation protection from fallout, see 87.52.-g in biological and medical physics)
28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies (restricted to new topics in section 28)
29. Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics
29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators
29.20.-c Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
29.20.Dh Storage rings
29.20.Fj Betatrons
29.20.Hm Cyclotrons
29.20.Lq Synchrotrons
29.25.-t Particle sources and targets (see also 52.59.-f in physics of plasmas)
29.25.Bx Electron sources
29.25.Dz Neutron sources
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets
29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators (for low energy charged-particle beams, see 41.75.-i)
29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport
29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
29.27.Hj Polarized beams
29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques
29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic
29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy
29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy
29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
29.30.Kv X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy
29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices
... ... ... Energy loss and stopping power, see 34.50.Bw and 61.85.+p in atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter, respectively)
29.40.-n Radiation detectors (for mass spectrometers, see 07.75.+h)
29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters
29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
29.40.Vj Calorimeters
29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
29.50.+v Computer interfaces (see also 07.05.Wr in computers in experimental physics)
29.85.+c Computer data analysis
29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation (restricted to new topics in section 29)
30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
31. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory
31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding